The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) is highly responsive to social challenges.
Because stress hormones can have negative developmental and health consequences, this …

Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of
aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these …

Exposure to prenatal stress (PS) can predispose individuals to the development of
psychopathology later in life. We examined the effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress …

Clinical studies demonstrate that prenatal stress causes cognitive deficits and increases
vulnerability to affective disorders in children and adolescents. The underlying mechanisms …

Rationale and objectives The rat model of prenatal restraint stress (PRS) replicates factors
that are implicated in the etiology of anxious/depressive disorders. We used this model to …

In humans, stressful events during pregnancy may raise the risk of psychiatric disorders in
offspring, and studies with rodents have found that physical prenatal stress can cause …

Sex differences exist in vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of many neuropsychiatric
disorders. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical research that investigates …

In mammals, early adverse experiences, including mother–pup interactions, shape the
response of an individual to chronic stress or to stress-related diseases during adult life. This …

Background Childhood stress and trauma have been related to adult psychopathology in
different psychiatric disorders. The present study aimed at verifying this relationship for …

Epidemiological studies suggest that emotional liability in infancy could be a predictor of
anxiety-related disorders in the adulthood. Rats exposed to prenatal restraint stress (“PRS …