There is a large body of evidence revealing that minorities—in particular, Black citizens—are
overrepresented in the criminal justice system. But the causes of these inequalities have …

Objectives Using the cumulative disadvantage theoretical framework, the current study
explores whether school suspension and expulsion provide an indirect path through which …

This study employed a synthesis of conflict and labeling theory to reexamine the often
observed links between race, social class, and arrest. Using longitudinal data on a …

One of the strongest findings in the juvenile delinquency literature is the relationship
between a lack of school success, school disengagement, and involvement in the criminal …

Extension of retribution-and incapacitation-based criminal justice policies and practices to
schools has exacerbated racial and ethnic disproportionality in school discipline, a serious …

This article discusses racial and ethnic differences in delinquency and justice system
responses. It begins by reviewing national data on the minority presence in the juvenile …

The sevenfold increase in the incarceration rate between the early 1970s and 2010 is
implicated in race differences in, among others, health (Massoglia, 2008), marriage rates …

We advance current knowledge of school punishment by examining (1) the prevalence of
exclusionary discipline in elementary school,(2) racial disparities in exclusionary discipline …

Background The school-to-prison pipeline is a relatively recent phenomenon identified by
researchers as a link between negative school outcomes, such as discipline, and …

Black adolescents are much more likely to run afoul of the juvenile justice system than are
similar white adolescents, even though the two groups self-report similar rates of offending …