The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a nerve network composed of neurons and glial cells
that regulates the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There is …

Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein (Lewy bodies) in dopaminergic neurons …

Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial
community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages …

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1–
2% of the population over 65 years of age. The primary neuropathology is the loss of …

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are one of the most common nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in
patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) involving the whole GI tract (GIT) and being evident …

In the last two decades it has become clear that Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with
a plethora of gastrointestinal symptoms originating from functional and structural changes in …

Abstract Purpose of Review Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to
experience gastrointestinal dysfunction that might precede the onset of motor symptoms by …

This critical review of the literature shows that there is a close link between the microbiome,
the gut, and the brain in Parkinson's disease. The vagus nerve, the main component of the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by alpha-synucleinopathy that affects all levels of
the brain-gut axis including the central, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Recently, it …