Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptors (TNFR) superfamily members are engaged
in diverse cellular phenomena such as cellular proliferation, morphogenesis, apoptosis …

Several cellular functions such as apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and
immune regulation involve the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway …

Recent studies indicate that TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor signalling is a key player in
HIV infection. HIV proteins have been shown to target TNF receptor signalling, leading both …

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically extended the lifespan and
quality of life of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) …

Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF‐α) and TNF receptors (TNFR) are members of the growing
TNF ligand and receptor families that are involved in immune regulation. The present report …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) are highly pleiotropic cytokines that play a
central role in regulating HIV-1 replication. These cytokines express their activities through …

The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a member of the lentivirus genus. The virus
does not rely exclusively on the host cell machinery, but also on viral proteins that act as …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related cytokines are critical effector molecules in the immune
response to viral pathogens. Engagement of the TNF receptors by their cognate ligands …

HIV exploits the T-cell signaling network to gain access to downstream cellular components,
which serves as effective tools to break the cellular barriers. Multiple host factors and their …

From early in the HIV epidemic it was appreciated that many inflammatory markers such as
neopterin and TNF-α were elevated in patients with AIDS. With the advent of modern …