Many studies have reported that the contents of cigarette smoke negatively affect sperm
parameters, seminal plasma, and various other fertility factors. Nevertheless, the actual …

Approximately 21% of women of reproductive age and 22% of men of reproductive age in
the United States smoke cigarettes. Substantial harmful effects of cigarette smoke on …

This committee opinion provides practitioners with suggestions for optimizing the likelihood
of achieving pregnancy in couples or individuals attempting conception who have no …

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a pollutant associated with several modern industrial
processes. Cd is absorbed in significant quantities from cigarette smoke, and is known to …

The high prevalence of smoking among women in their reproductive years continues to be a
matter of concern. The negative effects of smoking on general health are well known, but …

Epidemiologic results indicate that women who smoke cigarettes are relatively estrogen-
deficient. Smokers have an early natural menopause, a lowered risk of cancer of the …

Objective: To investigate levels of seminal oxidative stress (OS) and sperm quality in a group
of infertile men with a history of cigarette smoking. Design: A prospective clinical study …

Maternal smoking causes lower birth weight, birth defects, and other adverse pregnancy
outcomes. Epidemiological evidence over the past four decades has grown stronger and the …

This thoroughly revised and updated reference addresses the drugs and chemicals causing
malformations and congenital anomalies in the human fetus-comprehensively reviewing …

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequent cause of perinatal morbidity as well as of
impaired growth during childhood. Therefore, a clearcut definition of IUGR to identify those …