The Warburg effect, characterized by the preferential conversion of glucose to lactate even
in the presence of oxygen and functional mitochondria, is a prominent metabolic hallmark of …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor
microenvironment (TME), especially in solid tumors. It has been confirmed that it can not …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical determinant of tumor progression,
metastasis, and therapeutic outcomes. It consists of an extracellular matrix (ECM) and a …

The life‐threatening colorectal cancer exhibits multilevel immunosuppressive
characteristics, including low immunogenicity, abnormal cellular metabolism, and acidic …

Heightened lactate production in cancer cells has been linked to various cellular
mechanisms such as angiogenesis, hypoxia, macrophage polarisation and T‐cell …

Bearing a dismal 5-year survival rate, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a
challenging disease that features a unique fibroinflammatory tumor microenvironment …

Hypoxia is a usual property of solid tumors that is characterized by low oxygen and nutrition
levels. It is also a good marker for aggressive tumor expansion, metastasis, and poor patient …

Exosomes are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular
communication in cancer biology. Exosomes can be derived from cancer cells as well as …

Cancer tumors have been shown to be metabolically heterogeneous in their means for
acquiring bioenergetics, biosynthetic components for generating biomass, and controlling …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown remarkable results against B cell
malignancies, but only a minority of patients have long-term remission. The metabolic …