Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

The nature of follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cell differentiation remains controversial,
including the minimal signals required for Tfh cell differentiation and the time at which Tfh …

In the last years, advances in molecular genetics and immunology have resulted in the
identification of a growing number of genes causing primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) in …

The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American
College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for …

The immune system has the remarkable ability to defend against a diversity of microbial
pathogens, yet not respond to self. The discovery of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for providing the necessary signals to induce
differentiation of B cells into memory and Ab-secreting cells. Accordingly, it is important to …

Vaccination provides a powerful means to control infections. It exploits and exemplifies the
ability of the immune system to preserve the information that a specific pathogen has been …

T-cell costimulation and coinhibition generated by engagement of the B7 family and their
receptor CD28 family are of central importance in regulating the T-cell response, making …

Emerging data suggest that locoregional cancer therapeutic approaches with oncolytic
viruses can lead to systemic anti-tumour immunity, although the appropriate targets for …