The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of post-mitotic polarized epithelial cells,
strategically situated between the photoreceptors and the choroid, is the primary caretaker of …

Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS) is a brain energy failure syndrome caused by impaired
glucose transport across brain tissue barriers. Glucose diffusion across tissue barriers is …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the western
world. Recent evidence suggests that RPE and photoreceptors have an interconnected …

The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ
that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to …

The retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor interphase is renewed each day in a stunning
display of cellular interdependence. While photoreceptors use photosensitive pigments to …

Background The retina, as part of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited capacity for
self-reparation and regeneration in mammals, is under cumulative environmental stress due …

Introduction Niosomes have recently grabbed attention as one of the best tools for various
site-specific drug delivery systems, including ophthalmic drug delivery. Surfactants …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad
range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the
leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a …