Mitochondria are ubiquitous intracellular organelles found in almost all eukaryotes and
involved in various aspects of cellular life, with a primary role in energy production. The …

Mitochondria accumulate copper in their matrix for the eventual maturation of the
cuproenzymes cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase. Transport into the matrix is …

The assembly of the five oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) complexes in the
inner mitochondrial membrane is an intricate process. The human enzymes comprise core …

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the primary site of cellular oxygen
consumption and is essential for aerobic energy generation in the form of ATP. Human COX …

Copper, an essential trace element that exists in oxidized and reduced forms, has pivotal
roles in a variety of biological processes, including redox chemistry, enzymatic reactions …

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is characterized by a high degree of genetic and
phenotypic heterogeneity, partly reflecting the extreme structural complexity, multiple post …

Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and
pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial …

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) or respiratory chain complex IV is a heme aa 3-
copper oxygen reductase containing metal centers essential for holo-complex biogenesis …

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant that accumulates in living systems
and represents a significant global health hazard. Cd poses a toxicity threat to both human …

All known eukaryotes require copper for their development and survival. The essentiality of
copper reflects its widespread use as a co-factor in conserved enzymes that catalyze …