The causes and consequences of abnormal biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are
not yet well understood in malignancies, including in breast cancers (BCs). Given the …

A significant proportion of the genes regulated by 17-beta-estradiol (E2) via estrogen
receptor alpha (ERα) have roles in vesicle trafficking in breast cancer. Intracellular vesicle …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and different subtypes of breast cancer show
distinct cellular morphology, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and …

Exosomes (EVs) have relevance in cell-to-cell communication carrying pro-tumorigenic
factors that participate in oncogenesis and drug resistance and are proposed to have …

Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and shed vesicles, have been implicated in
intercellular communication; however, their biomarker potential is less clear. Therefore, EVs …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play supporting roles in tumor progression by
releasing microvesicles that transmit oncogenic cargoes. Indeed, extracellular vesicles …

Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates
oestrogen effects in hormone-responsive cells. Following oestrogenic activation, ERα …

Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of homeostatic
regulators that is frequently lost in breast cancer (BC), where its presence correlates with a …

Breast cancers are sensitive to hormones such as estrogen, which binds to and activates
estrogen receptors (ER) leading to significant changes in gene expression. microRNAs …

Breast cancer (BC), a heterogeneous group of diseases, is the most frequent type and the
leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Tumor heterogeneity …