The outbreak of diseases ordinarily results from the disruption of the balance and harmony
between hosts and pathogens. Devoid of adaptive immunity, shrimp rely largely on the …

The function of Toll pathway defense against bacterial infection has been well established in
shrimp, however how this pathway responds to viral infection is still largely unknown. In this …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated NF-κB pathway is essential for defending against
viruses in insects and mammals. Viruses also develop strategies to utilize this pathway to …

Diseases have caused tremendous economic losses and become the major problem
threatening the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture. The knowledge of host …

Many viruses can hijack the host cell NF-κB as part of their life cycle, diverting NF-κB
immune regulatory functions to favor their replications. There were several reports on the …

The first line of defense against microbial infections in animals is innate immune response
which triggers diverse humoral and cellular activities via signal transduction pathways. Toll …

The shrimp aquaculture industry is plagued by disease. Due to the lack of deep
understanding of the relationship between innate immune mechanism and environmental …

The Toll-pathway plays key roles in regulating the innate immune response in invertebrates.
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) …

Innate immunity is the only defense system for resistance against infections in crustaceans.
In crustaceans, white spot diseases caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are a …

In this study, we used real-time PCR to simultaneously monitor the responses of 12 key
genes of the shrimp innate immune system in Litopenaeus vannamei after challenge with …