Introduction Pain treatment is best performed when a patient-centric, safety-based
philosophy is used to determine an algorithmic process to guide care. Since 2007, the …

Opioids are the most potent centrally acting analgesic drugs for the treatment of pain. For the
past years, since the discovery of spinal opioid receptors, the use of spinal opioids has been …

Introduction Intrathecal (IT) drug infusion is an appropriate and necessary tool in the
algorithm to treat refractory cancer and noncancer pain. The decision-making …

Neuraxial drug administration describes techniques that deliver drugs in close proximity to
the spinal cord, ie intrathecally into the CSF or epidurally into the fatty tissues surrounding …

Opioids are considered a “gold standard” in clinical practice for the treatment of
postoperative pain. The spinal administration of an opioid drug does not guarantee selective …

Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious
experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue …

Opioids have been used for spinal analgesia for more than a century, and their injection
epidurally and intrathecally has a key role in the control of postoperative pain. Since the …

Study objective To determine if continuous bilateral erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks
would improve the postoperative analgesia in the first 48 h after laparoscopic donor …

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intrathecal (IT)
coadministration of bupivacaine with opioids during the initial phase of opioid titration and …

The management of chronic pain continues to pose many challenges to healthcare
providers. Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) provide an effective therapy for patients …