Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Background: Opioid analgesics are the most effective pharmacological agents for moderate
and severe pain. However, opioid use has several limitations such as opioid-induced …

A major challenge in medicine is developing potent pain therapies without the adverse
effects of opiates. Neuroinflammation and in particular microglial activation have been …

Mounting evidence indicates that the neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system is involved in the side
effects of opioid usage, including antinociceptive tolerance, hyperalgesia, abuse …

The endogenous neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and its two cognate G protein-coupled receptors,
Neuropeptide FF Receptors 1 and 2 (NPFFR1 and NPFFR2), represent a relatively new …

Opioid analgesics remain a gold standard for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.
However, their clinical utility is seriously limited by a range of adverse effects. Among them …

Morphine and other opioids are commonly used to treat pain despite their numerous
adverse side effects. Modulating μ-opioid receptor (MOR) signaling is one way to potentially …

Chronic pain is currently treated with opioids that offer unsatisfactory long-term analgesia
and produce serious side effects. There is a clear need for alternative therapies. Herein …

Acute pain and anxiety at the severe level because of postoperative orthopedic fractures of
nonpathological causes high analgesic demand in patients. It causes a high risk of side …

There is still an unmet clinical need to develop new pharmaceuticals for effective and safe
pain management. Current pharmacotherapy offers unsatisfactory solutions due to serious …