Clinical studies comparing the response and side effects of various opioids have not been
able to show robust differences between drugs. Hence, recommendations of the regulatory …

Buprenorphine is an opioid that has a complex and unique pharmacology which provides
some advantages over other potent mu agonists. We review 12 reasons for considering …

Population pharmacodynamic (PD) models describe the time course of drug effects, relating
exposure to response, and providing a more robust understanding of drug action than single …

Fentanyl was structurally designed by Paul Janssen in the early 1960s as a potent opioid
analgesic (100-fold more potent than morphine). It is a full agonist at μ-opioid receptors and …

Morphine is a widely used opioid for treatment of moderate to severe pain, but large
interindividual variability in patient response and no clear guidance on how to optimise …

In this review, we focus on prenatal opioid exposure (POE) given the significant concern for
the mental health outcomes of children with parents affected by opioid use disorder (OUD) in …

On an individual level, there is a difference in the analgesic response to a given opioid.
Various factors such as gender, age, and genetic variation can affect the analgesic …

Transdermal fentanyl patches are an effective alternative to the sustained release of oral
morphine for chronic pain management. Due to the narrow therapeutic range of fentanyl, the …

Objective Acute pain management in opioid-dependent persons is complicated because of
tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Very high doses of morphine are ineffective in …

Our knowledge about how low-dose (analgesic) fentanyl affects autonomic cardiovascular
regulation is primarily limited to animal experiments. Notably, it is unknown if low-dose …