FENTANYL was one of a series of opioids synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica in the
1950s and 1960s in an effort to produce opioid analgesics with enhanced analgesic activity …

January 2016• Volume 122• Number 1 www. anesthesia-analgesia. org 57 rate will be
milligrams per kilogram per minute or micrograms per kilogram per minute. TCI systems use …

Importance Opioids administered to treat postsurgical pain are a major contributor to the
opioid crisis, leading to chronic use in a considerable proportion of patients. Initiatives …

Background The authors studied the influence of age on the pharmacodynamics of propofol,
including characterization of the relation between plasma concentration and the time course …

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Page 1 Anesthesiology 74:53–63, 1991
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Rational Opioid Selection Steven L. Shafer, MD …

Background Remifentanil is an esterase-metabolized opioid with a rapid clearance. The aim
of this study was to contrast the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil …

Background Animal and human studies indicate the existence of important sex-related
differences in opioid-mediated behavior. In this study the authors examined the influence of …

Bispectral analysis (BIS) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been shown in
retrospective studies to predict whether patients will move in response to skin incision. This …

The liver is the major site of biotransformation for most opioids. Thus, the disposition of these
drugs may be affected in patients with liver insufficiency. The major metabolic pathway for …

The synthetic opioid fentanyl is a major contributor to the current opioid addiction crisis. We
report that claustral neurons projecting to the frontal cortex limit oral fentanyl self …