Traditionally, opioids have been administered as fixed doses at fixed dose intervals. This
approach has been largely ineffective. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and upgraded …

SUMMARY 1 Drugs that target the central nervous system (CNS) are under‐represented in
the pharmacopoeia because of the difficulties of overcoming passive and active defences of …

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can be used to predict drug
disposition in humans from animal data and the influence of disease or other changes in …

This study describes the pharmacokinetics of intravenous hydromorphone in cats and the
simultaneous measurement of antinociceptive pharmacodynamic effects using a thermal …

Current interest in studies on tissue distribution stems from the limited capacity to predict
tissue concentrations and the pharmacological response from plasma drug levels, and from …

Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic that is administered orally or parenterally. The time-
course of opioid action is a function of the systemic kinetics of the opioid, and the rate and …

The pharmacokinetics and time course of blood–brain equilibration of buprenorphine (BUP)
and norbuprenorphine (norBUP) in sheep were characterized. Sheep were administered …

Background Thiopental and propofol are highly lipid-soluble, and their entry into the brain
often is assumed to be limited by cerebral blood flow rather than by a diffusion barrier …

Background The pharmacodynamic differences in time to onset and dissipation of effect of
sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil probably result from different rates of blood-brain …

In most countries of the world the proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing.
Many will suffer from pain due to trauma, cancer, or surgery, or develop acute pain from …