In most countries of the world the proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing.
Many will suffer from pain due to trauma, cancer, or surgery, or develop acute pain from …

Previous studies have indicated that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) attenuates the central nervous
system penetration and central activity of some opioids. The impact of P-gp-mediated efflux …

Background. The analgesic effects of morphine are delayed relative to its concentration in
blood. The rate of equilibration of morphine between blood and brain may contribute to this …

Naltriben (NTB) is a selective antagonist for the putative δ2-opioid receptor. We have
determined the regional kinetics and pharmacological profile of [3H] naltriben in vivo in …

A number of techniques have been developed to study the disposition of drugs in the head
and, in particular, the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in drug uptake. The techniques …

Background. The factors affecting the concentrations of fentanyl in the brain after
intravenous administration have not been completely quantified. Methods. A model …

Deep visceral pain is frequent and presents major challenges in pain management, since its
pathophysiology is still poorly understood. One way to optimize treatment of visceral pain is …

P-glycoprotein in the membranes of endothelial cells actively transports some drugs out of
the brain. The theoretical effect of P-glycoprotein mediated drug efflux on the cerebral …

Some 25 years ago, it was popular to write a figurative equation for drug treatment: Patient+
drug→ effect. Clearly, this was too simplistic for the reliable pharmacotherapy of pain. The …

Pharmacological induction of epileptiform activity is a complementary method to study the
epileptogenic area in drug-resistant epileptic patients. Among the different activation …