Opium, derived from the Greek word for “juice,” is extracted from the latex sap of the opium
poppy (Papaverum somniferum). The juice of the poppy is the source of some 20 different …

Objectives: Although previous studies have demonstrated that the OPRM1 A118G
polymorphism may influence the analgesia response to cancer pain, the results are …

Objective To describe the pharmacokinetics, behavioral and physiologic effects and effects
on thermal thresholds of morphine, morphine 6-glucuronide (M6G) and morphine 3 …

Objectives: There is great heterogeneity in the way individuals respond to medications.
Inherited differences, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), can influence the …

Background: Opioids are widely used as an analgesic for the treatment of moderate to
severe pain. However, there are interindividual variabilities in opioid response. Current …

Although morphine has demonstrated antinociceptive effects in horses, its administration
has been associated with dose-dependent adverse effects. In humans and rats, part of the …

Recently, the concept of psychonephrology was developed and has been recognized as a
field of study that focuses on nephrology and mental health fields, such as psychiatry and …

Among analgesic drugs, the opioid class of compounds still remains one of the most
important medicines for severe and chronic pain treatment. Hence, developing novel and …

The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of intravenous (iv) morphine in the horse have been
described; however, administration of therapeutic doses has also been associated with …

Morphine is the essential opioid drug that use in the clinic to attenuate chronic and severe
pain. However long-term administration of morphine leads to the development of anti …