The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

Drought stress affects plant growth and development by altering physiological and
biochemical processes resulting in reduced crop productivity. Zinc (Zn) is an essential …

Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element in Earth's crust, exerts beneficial effects on
the growth and productivity of a variety of plant species under various environmental …

Potassium, mostly as a cation (K+), together with calcium (Ca2+) are the most abundant
inorganic chemicals in plant cellular media, but they are rarely discussed. K+ is not a …

Environmental contamination with arsenic (As) is a global environmental, agricultural and
health issue due to the highly toxic and carcinogenic nature of As. Exposure of plants to As …

Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that reduce crop productivity and weaken global
food security, especially given the current and growing impacts of climate change and …

Crop productivity is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Microbes that are
beneficial to plants are used to enhance the crop yield and are alternatives to chemical …

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses which impose constraints to plant growth and
production. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops and a model …

Mercury (Hg) is ubiquitary, naturally enriched in volcanic regions, and has wide applications
in science, industry, and agriculture. Recently, the increasing awareness of Hg toxicity has …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic interaction with 80% of known land
plants. It has a pronounced impact on plant growth, water absorption, mineral nutrition, and …