Veterinary drugs used for treatment and prevention of diseases in animals represent
important source of environmental pollution due to intensive agri-and aquaculture …

Alpha-2 agonists, such as xylazine, clonidine, romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine, and
dexmedetomidine, are potent analgesic drugs that also induce physiologic and behavioral …

General anesthesia of horses entails considerable risk of morbidity and mortality. A large-
scale, multicenter study reported that the death rate from non–colic-related anesthetics was …

We allocated 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats into 7 groups and anesthetized each by using
one of the following regimens: ketamine 50 mg+ xylaxine 5 mg; ketamine 75 mg+ xylazine 5 …

Objective To review the literature with regard to the use of different intravenous agents as
supplements to inhalational anaesthesia in horses. These drugs include lidocaine …

Simple Summary Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses.
Numerous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to …

Balanced anesthesia was first introduced in human anesthesia by incorporating local
anesthetic techniques used to provide analgesia with volatile anesthetics used at the time …

Background The recovery phase after equine general anaesthesia (GA) is a time of
considerable risk and therefore has been the subject of extensive research over the last 20 …

The anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of midazolam, ketamine and medetomidine for
total intravenous anesthesia (MKM-TIVA) were evaluated in 14 horses. Horses were …

Objective—To evaluate the cardiovascular effects of total IV anesthesia with propofol (P-
TIVA) or ketamine-medetomidine-propofol (KMP-TIVA) in horses. Animals—5 …