Long–term use of spinal opioids to treat chronic severe pain is widely established. However,
the indications, shortcomings and complications of the method have not been completely …

Background: A questionnaire study conducted with the help of selected contact persons in
17 countries in Europe attempted to create a picture of the practice of acute pain …

A nationwide follow-up survey was undertaken to study the use of extradural and intrathecal
opioids in the management of pain, to estimate the incidence of delayed ventilatory …

Opioids are the most potent centrally acting analgesic drugs for the treatment of pain. For the
past years, since the discovery of spinal opioid receptors, the use of spinal opioids has been …

Epidural and intrathecal opioid administration has become an important part of
contemporary medical practice in a variety of clinical settings. It has been widely assumed …

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the side effects of intrathecal and
epidural opioids. English-language articles were identified through a MEDLINE search and …

SummaryThe history of intrathecal and epidural anaesthesia is in parallel with the
development of general anaesthesia. As ether anaesthesia (1846) is considered the first …

Epidural and spinal opioid use has developed into a well established mode of perioperative
anesthetic and analgesic management. A large number of studies have examined factors …

Background and objectiveIntrathecal opioids are now used routinely in the UK for intra-and
postoperative analgesia. The opioids of choice have altered over recent years and the …

In 1968, Melzack and Wall put forward their 'gate control theory'proposing that the spinal
cord was a potential target site for modulation of pain signals. This changed our concepts …