The traditional view of opioids held that the individual opioid agonists shared the same
mechanism of action, differing only in their potency and pharmacokinetic properties …

Opioids remain the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe pain. In recent years several
new potent opioids have become available for clinical use. These newer drugs are generally …

Adverse effects of opioids are multiple. They are most often receptor-mediated and
inseparable from their desired effects. The most severe mishaps with opioids are related to …

Common side effects of opioid administration include sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression. Physical …

An" opioid" is a drug with morphine-like actions. It may reproduce some of the effects of the
endogenous peptides, enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins, which occur naturally in …

Opioids are the most potent analgesics. Toxicity results either from effects mediated by
variation in affinity and intrinsic efficacy at specific opioid receptors or, rarely, from a direct …

Opioid treatment of pain is generally safe with 0.5% or less events from respiratory
depression. However, fatalities are regularly reported. The only treatment currently available …

Analgesic design and evaluation have been driven by the desire to create high-affinity high-
selectivity mu (μ)-opioid peptide (MOP) receptor agonists. Such ligands are the mainstay of …

Opioid-induced respiratory depression is potentially life-threatening and often regarded as
the main hazard of opioid use. Main cause of death is cardiorespiratory arrest with hypoxia …

Opioid binding sites were first demonstrated experimentally in 1973, almost 20 years after
their existence was originally hypothesized [1]. Shortly after, in their classic pharmacological …