Morphine is a drug commonly administered via the epidural or intrathecal route, and is
regarded by many as the 'gold-standard'single-dose neuraxial opioid due to its …

The ventilatory control system is highly vulnerable to exogenous administered opioid
analgesics. Particularly respiratory depression is a potentially lethal complication that may …

Administration of epidural and intrathecal opioids may provide excellent postoperative
analgesia, but a minority of patients will suffer dangerous respiratory depression. This …

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and timing of intravenous patient-controlled
analgesia (IV-PCA) or neuraxial morphine–induced postoperative respiratory depression …

Respiratory depression is the proximal cause of death in opioid overdose, yet the
mechanisms underlying this potentially fatal outcome are not well understood. The goal of …

The human body is critically dependent on the ventilatory control system for adequate
uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2). Potent opioid analgesics, through …

Strong opioid analgesics are the mainstay of therapy for the relief of moderate to severe
acute nociceptive pain that may occur post-operatively or following major trauma, as well as …

Discussion The delayed respiratory depressant effect of spinal opioids was first reported in
humans shortly after the introduction of epidural and subarachnoid morphine into clinical …

Respiratory depression limits the use of opioid analgesia. Although well described clinically,
the specific mechanisms of opioid action on respiratory control centres in the brain have …

Neuraxial opioids have contributed significantly to improved labor and postcesarean
delivery analgesia. In the obstetric population, epidural and intrathecal opioids are …