▪ Abstract NK cells are regulated by opposing signals from receptors that activate and inhibit
effector function. While positive stimulation may be initiated by an array of co-stimulatory …

The immune system responds in a regulated fashion to microbes and eliminates them, but it
does not respond to self-antigens. Several regulatory mechanisms function to terminate …

Abstract Drew Pardoll (Johns Hopkins Oncology Center) examines prospects for therapeutic
cancer vaccines. Considering how it is that the immune system fails to recognize and …

The functional significance of B7 co‐stimulation in T‐cell activation was described first in the
context of preventing the induction of anergy. The functions of this pathway are far more …

Evidence has been accumulating that shows that insulin-dependent diabetes is subject to
immunoregulation. To determine whether cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 …

Evidence indicates that cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) may
negatively regulate T cell activation, but the basis for the inhibitory effect remains unknown …

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a critical regulator of early gene transcription in
response to TCR-mediated signals. Here, we show that mice lacking both NFATp and …

Ligation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) appears to inhibit T cell responses.
Four mechanisms have been proposed to explain the inhibitory activity of CTLA4 …

Background—Susceptibility to coeliac disease is strongly associated with particular HLA
class II alleles. However, non-HLA genetic factors are likely to be required for the …

Abstract Type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with
autoimmune phenomena connected to the loss of β‐cells in the pancreatic islets. Despite …