The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …

▪ Abstract The quantity of neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft, the reliability with
which it is released, and the response of the postsynaptic cell to that transmitter all contribute …

P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels activated by the binding of extracellular
adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP). Brief (< 1 s) applications of ATP to nodose ganglion …

P2X receptors are a distinct family of ligand-gated ion channels activated by extracellular
ATP. Each of the seven identified subunit proteins (P2X 1 through P2X 7) has been reported …

Fast synaptic transmission depends on the selective ionic permeability of transmitter-gated
ion channels. Here we show changes in the ion selectivity of neuronal P2X transmitter-gated …

▪ Abstract Nociceptors are the first cells in the series of neurons that lead to the sensation of
pain. The essential functions of nociceptors—transducing noxious stimuli into …

Extracellular ATP acting on P2X 7 receptors opens a channel permeable to small cations,
creates an access pathway for the entry of larger molecular weight dyes, and causes cell …

ATP functions as a fast neurotransmitter through the specific activation of a family of ligand-
gated ion channels termed P2X receptors. In this report, six distinct recombinant P2X …

In the spinal dorsal horn (DH), transmission and modulation of peripheral nociceptive (pain-
inducing) messages involve classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. We show that …

The CNS abundantly expresses P2X receptor channels for ATP; of these the most
widespread in the brain is the P2X4channel. We show that ivermectin (IVM) is a specific …