Until about 10 years ago the exact mechanisms controlling cellular responses to the
endotoxin–or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–of Gram-negative bacteria were unknown. Now a …

Part of the cellular response to toxins, physical stresses and inflammatory cytokines occurs
by signalling via the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and p38 reactivating kinase …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are implicated in the recognition of various
bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate in vivo …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Toll, a leucine-rich
repeat molecule that can trigger innate responses against pathogens. The TLR4 gene has …

TLR4 is a member of the recently identified Toll-like receptor family of proteins and has been
putatively identified as Lps, the gene necessary for potent responses to lipopolysaccharide …

MyD88 is a general adaptor protein that plays an important role in the Toll/IL-1 receptor
family signalings. Recently, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) have been …

The life-threatening complications of sepsis in humans are elicited by infection with Gram-
negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria. Recently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major …

The generation of cell-mediated immunity against many infectious pathogens involves the
production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key signal of the innate immune system. Yet, for many …

Bone resorption and remodeling is an intricately controlled, physiological process that
requires the function of osteoclasts. The processes governing both the differentiation and …

Apoptosis is implicated in the generation and resolution of inflammation in response to
bacterial pathogens. All bacterial pathogens produce lipoproteins (BLPs), which trigger the …