Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the major outer surface membrane components
present in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and act as extremely strong stimulators of …

Although interleukin-18 is structurally homologous to IL-1 and its receptor belongs to the IL-
1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily, its function is quite different from that of IL-1. IL-18 is …

The recognition of microbial pathogens by the innate immune system involves Toll-like
receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns,,,,,,,,. Different …

Mechanisms that control the activation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo are
poorly understood. It has been suggested that the initiation of adaptive immune responses is …

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infectious microorganisms. The innate
immune system relies on germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to …

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFS) were initially discovered as
adaptor proteins that couple the tumor necrosis factor receptor family to signaling pathways …

Following encounter with pathogens, dendritic cells (DC) mature and migrate from
peripheral tissues to the T cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs, where they produce …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate cell activation by various microbial products. Here, we
demonstrate that activation of dendritic cells by TLR2 or TLR4 agonists, although it led to …

A number of pathogens induce immature dendritic cells (iDC) to migrate to lymphoid organs
where, as mature DC (mDC), they serve as efficient APC. We hypothesized that pathogen …