The innate immune system is a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection.
Innate immune recognition relies on a limited number of germline-encoded receptors. These …

Dendritic cells take up antigens in peripheral tissues, process them into proteolytic peptides,
and load these peptides onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II …

This review considers critically the evidence for the involvement of mediators of innate and
acquired immunity in various stages of atherosclerosis. Rapidly mobilized arms of innate …

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated recognition of pathogens represents one of the most
important mechanisms of innate immunity and disease resistance. The adaptor protein Tollip …

Recognition by innate immune cells of the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram‐negative bacteria and bacterial CpG‐DNA depends on …

SOCS-1 is a negative regulatory molecule of the JAK-STAT signal cascade. Here, we
demonstrate that SOCS-1 is a critical downregulating factor for LPS signal pathways. SOCS …

Background & Aims: Bacterial wall products play an important role in the activation of
immune and nonimmune cells of the intestinal mucosa. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2 and …

The innate immune system initiates host defence against invasive microbial pathogens
using specific recognition mechanisms. Here we review the current concepts and the …

The mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on macrophages and dendritic
cells, which are primarily involved in innate immunity. At present, ligands for several of the …

Active inflammation and NF-κB activation contribute fundamentally to atherogenesis and
plaque disruption. Accumulating evidence has implicated specific infectious agents …