Vertebrates do not look like jellyfish because the bones of their skeletons are levers that
allow movement and protect vital organs. Bones come in an enormous variety of shapes and …

The skeleton is an efficient'servo'(feedback-controlled/steady-state) system that continuously
integrates signals and responses which sustain its functions of delivering calcium while …

Human craniosynostosis syndromes, resulting from activating or neomorphic mutations in
fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), underscore an essential role for FGFR2 …

Abstract The Cbfa1/Runx2 is an important transcription factor necessary for osteoblast
differentiation and bone formation. However, the signaling pathways regulating Runx2 …

Osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation, differentiate from mesenchymal cells.
Here, we discuss transcription factors that are involved in regulating the multistep molecular …

Sox9 has essential roles in endochondral bone formation during axial and appendicular
skeletogenesis. Sox9 is also expressed in neural crest cells, but its function in neural crest …

Proper longitudinal growth of long bones relies on the regulation of specific spatial patterns
of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. We have studied the roles of two members of …

The Runt domain transcription factors, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, are integral
components of signaling cascades mediated by both TGF-β and bone morphogenetic …

The α1 (X) collagen gene (Col10a1) is the only known hypertrophic chondrocyte–specific
molecular marker. Until recently, few transcriptional factors specifying its tissue-specific …

Uremia induces the osteoblast differentiation factor Cbfa1 in human blood vessels.
Background Bone matrix proteins are expressed in calcified arteries from dialysis patients …