▪ Abstract Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of seven transmembrane-
spanning (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As a class, GPCRs are of …

Summry—The family of adrenergic receptors contains nine different subtypes of G protein‐
coupled receptors which mediate the biological effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline …

To elucidate the mechanisms of antinociception mediated by the descending noradrenergic
pathway in the spinal cord, the effects of noradrenaline (NA) on noxious synaptic responses …

Considerable attention has recently been paid to astrocyte functions, which are briefly
summarized. A large amount of data is available about adrenoceptor expression and …

Intrathecal infusion is often performed using drug combinations. This study was conducted to
evaluate the stability of the admixture of morphine sulfate, bupivacaine hydrochloride, and …

Background Studies on receptor knockout mice have so far shown that of the three alpha2-
adrenoceptor subtypes, the alpha (2A) adrenoceptor has a major role in mediating the …

Several studies have reported functional interactions between different subtypes of opioid
and α2A‐adrenoceptors in the induction of spinal cord analgesia. The mechanisms …

A series of derivatives structurally related to biphenyline (3) was designed with the aim to
modulate selectivity toward the α2-AR subtypes. The results obtained demonstrated that the …

ABSTRACT Fadolmidine (MPV‐2426) is a novel α2‐adrenoceptor (α2‐AR) agonist
developed for spinal analgesia. It is highly selective for α2‐ARs, but it lacks subtype …

Morphine is a strong and widely used opioid analgesic in pain management, but some
adverse effects limit its clinical use at high doses. The clinically available non-opioid …