Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge
variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane helical bundle proteins
(Figure 1) found on the surface of all cells. 1-3 They mediate cellular responses to a diverse …

Molecular differences between dopamine (DA) neurons may explain why the mesostriatal
DA neurons in the A9 region preferentially degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) and toxic …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide
(VIP) and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI), are structurally related endogenous peptides …

The physiologic response to stress is highly dependent on the activation of corticotropin-
releasing hormone (CRH) neurons by various neurotransmitters. A particularly rich …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has a similar structure to that of
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and both the polypeptides belong to the same molecular …

The rodent cerebellum is richly supplied with PACAPergic innervation. Exogenous pituitary
adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases cerebellar granule cell survival …

Lithium inhibits inositol monophosphatase at therapeutically effective concentrations, and it
has been hypothesized that depletion of brain inositol levels is an important chemical …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in the
regulation of several autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. In the hypothalamic …

During neuronal migration, cells that do not reach their normal destination or fail to establish
proper connections are eliminated through an apoptotic process. Recent studies have …