The mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) has evolved to meet the
unique requirements of dealing with sexually transmitted bacterial and viral pathogens …

The process of maintaining life for the individual is a constant struggle to preserve his/her
integrity. This can come at a price when immunity is involved, namely systemic inflammation …

Viral immune evasion strategies target key aspects of the host antiviral response. Recently, it
has been recognized that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a role in innate defense against …

TLRs can activate two distinct branches of downstream signaling pathways. MyD88 and
Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) pathways lead to the …

Abstract The Injury Hypothesis, first published in 1994 and modified several times between
1996 and 2002, holds that the reactive oxygen species-mediated reperfusion injury to …

Background Gut commensal microbes affect the development and activation of the mucosal
and systemic immune systems. However, the exact molecular mechanism of these microbes …

Leptospira interrogans is a spirochete that is responsible for leptospirosis, a zoonotic
disease. This bacterium possesses an unusual LPS that has been shown to use TLR2 …

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by severe neutrophil-dominated
airway inflammation. An important cause of inflammation in CF is Pseudomonas aeruginosa …

Abstract Background CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), which induce signaling through
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), are currently under investigation as adjuvants in therapy against …

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in initiating and maintaining primary immune
responses. However, mechanisms involved in the resolution of these responses are elusive …