There is currently great interest in developing mucosal vaccines against a variety of
microbial pathogens. Mucosally induced tolerance also seems to be a promising form of …

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active
suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T …

The intestinal epithelium is a critical interface between the organism and its environment.
The cell polarity and structural properties of the enterocytes, limiting the amount of antigen …

The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle
platform for multivalent display of peptides. A growing variety of applications have employed …

The behavior of antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes during initial exposure to antigen
probably influences their decision to become primed or tolerized, but this has not been …

Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide derived from the partial deacetylation of chitin, which
exhibits particular properties: interacts with negatively charged sites on the cell surface; …

Classical immunization protocols have produced an antibody-based humoral response that
is very effective against susceptible infectious diseases. Immunization introduces an …

The majority of infections initiate their departure from a mucosal surface, such as Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a sexually transmitted virus. Therefore, the induction of …

The precise distribution and expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 in gut-associated
lymphoid tissues (GALTs) has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the …

Vaccine strategies that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system (OMIS), the immune
barrier that protects the surface of the eye are needed. However, most vaccines fail to induce …