Heart failure (HF) is a major and growing public health problem in the United States.
Approximately 5 million patients in this country have HF, and over 550 000 patients are …

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of kidney disease in patients starting renal
replacement therapy and affects∼ 40% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. It increases …

Abstract The American Diabetes Association standards of medical care in diabetes are
presented. They are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other …

Background—Data are limited with regard to the relations of low-grade albuminuria (below
the microalbuminuria threshold) and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in …

Background Blood pressure (BP) level is a major determinant of cardiovascular morbidity
and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Several guidelines recommend lower BP …

Background In chronic nephropathies, inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is
renoprotective, but can further renoprotection be achieved by reduction of blood pressure to …

The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of chronic kidney
disease The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well known regulator of …

Background Many cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are ascribed to hypertension.
However, because renal disease itself can raise blood pressure, some investigators argue …

Reconhecida como uma entidade complexa que associa fatores de risco cardiovasculares
bem estabelecidos, como hipertensão arterial, hipercolesterolemia, e diabetes, entre outros …

The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Task Force
on Practice Guidelines regularly reviews existing guidelines to determine when an update or …