Numerous studies of the mammalian immune system have begun to uncover profound
interrelationships, as well as fundamental differences, between the adaptive and innate …

Publisher Summary Enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing their lipid bilayer membrane
with a cellular membrane. Most viral fusion proteins require priming by proteolytic …

The interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules and microorganisms is an expanding
field of research. Within this field, an area that has been largely unexplored is the interaction …

The third variable region (V3) of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is immunodominant
and contains features essential for coreceptor binding. We determined the structure of V3 in …

Envelope glycoproteins of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV)
undergo a series of conformational changes when they interact with receptor (CD4) and co …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) function
as a trimer, mediating virus entry by promoting the fusion of the viral and target cell …

A critical component of an effective HIV vaccine will be the induction of broadly neutralizing
antibodies. Comprising the HIV spike, the exterior envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the …

Human neutrophil α-defensin 4 (HNP4) is more effective than HNP1–3 in protecting human
peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infection by both X4 and R5 HIV-1 strains. HNP4 …

Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in diverse conditions limiting for
viral entry into cells frequently leads to adaptive mutations in the V3 loop of the gp120 …

Macrophages are present in all tissues and can fuse with themselves to differentiate into
multinucleate osteoclasts or giant cells that play a central role in osteoporosis and chronic …