Induction of type I interferons (IFNs) by viruses and other pathogens is crucial for innate
immunity, and it is mediated by the activation of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll …

The interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors was initially found to be
involved in the induction of genes that encode type I interferons. IRFs have now been shown …

The structural basis for the distinction of viral RNA from abundant self RNA in the cytoplasm
of virally infected cells is largely unknown. We demonstrated that the 5′-triphosphate end of …

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication is believed to be the critical
trigger for activation of antiviral immunity mediated by the RNA helicase enzymes retinoic …

One of the primary physiological roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is in the immune
system. In particular, NF-κB family members control the transcription of cytokines and …

Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines specialized to coordinate immunity to
viruses and other intracellular infections. In the past several years, many of the receptors …

Members of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) family of dimeric transcription factors (TFs)
regulate expression of a large number of genes involved in immune responses …

The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic
microbes as foreign and eliminate them. Indeed, Toll-like receptors are a class of membrane …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that detect invading pathogens by
binding conserved, microbially derived molecules and that induce signaling cascades for …

Significant advances in our understanding of innate immunity have been made following the
identification of three families of pathogen sensors: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like …