Retinoids (vitamin A) are crucial for most forms of life. In chordates, they have important roles
in the developing nervous system and notochord and many other embryonic structures, as …

The acute and chronic effects of vitamin A toxicity are well documented in the literature.
Emerging evidence suggests that subtoxicity without clinical signs of toxicity may be a …

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, affecting millions of individuals. Dietary
intake is an important modifiable factor for bone health. Inadequate intake of nutrients …

Objectives To review and synthesize published literature on the efficacy of
multivitamin/mineral supplements and certain single nutrient supplements in the primary …

Previous epidemiological studies conducted in retinol-supplemented subjects showed an
association between high serum levels or dietary intake of retinol and risk of hip fracture. On …

Background: Persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) are at risk of
vitamin A deficiency because of steatorrhea, despite pancreatic enzyme replacement. Long …

The establishment of safe upper intake levels for micronutrients must consider the intake-
response relations for both deficiency and toxicity. Limited data are available on the …

BACKGROUND:: Osteoporosis results in> 1.5 million fractures in the United States each
year, leading to substantial health care costs and loss of quality of life. One major gap in our …

Osteoporotic hip fractures increase dramatically with age and are responsible for
considerable morbidity and mortality. Several treatments to prevent the occurrence of hip …

ABSTRACT This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report seeking to determine
the effectiveness of the prevention and screening of osteoporosis. The review of evidence …