Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are treated for extended periods
of time with the psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPD). The psychostimulants cocaine …

Animal models in the field of addiction are considered to be among the best available
models of neuropsychiatric disease. These models have undergone a number of …

Rationale The transition from stable to escalated drug intake has been demonstrated in rats
self-administrating cocaine and heroin using a single dose of drug. Objectives To investigate …

The transition from drug use to drug addiction is associated with a process of escalation,
whereby drug use becomes excessive and difficult to control. Several mechanisms have …

Rationale Recent evidence suggests that prolonged cocaine self-administration produces
escalation in drug-seeking behavior in rats analogous to the increased intake patterns …

The development of drug addiction involves a transition from recreational use to compulsive
drug seeking and taking, and this progression can occur rapidly with cocaine use. These …

We have previously shown that brief (1 h) and extended (6 h) daily access to IV cocaine self-
administration produce different behavioral and neural consequences following 2 weeks of …

We developed a computer-controlled intravenous methamphetamine (METH) administration
procedure (dynamic infusion), which enables us to compensate for an important …

Extended access self-administration procedures can differentiate drug-taking behavior from
behaviors indicative of a transition to the compulsive pursuit of drug that characterizes …

Rationale: All throughout development, including adulthood, the brain continually adapts by
redefining synaptic processes to reinforce impending behavioral responses either positively …