The brain takes a primary position in the organism. We present the novel view that the brain
gives priority to controlling its own adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration. It fulfils this …

More than 70 years ago the glucostatic, lipostatic and aminostatic hypotheses proposed that
the central nervous system sensed circulating levels of different metabolites, changing …

The role of hypocretin (orexin; hcrt/orx) neurons in regulation of arousal is well established.
Recently, hcrt/orx has been implicated in food reward and drug-seeking behavior. We report …

Abstract Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino-acid peptide, is an endogenous ligand of the growth
hormone secretagogue type 1a (GHS-R1a). Ghrelin is best known for its hypothalamic …

Recent studies show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) decreases feeding and
body weight after peripheral and ventricular administration. BDNF mRNA and protein, and …

A full-length cDNA encoding for prepro-orexin (prepro-OX) was cloned from Atlantic cod
(Gadus morhua) hypothalamus using reverse transcription and rapid amplification of cDNA …

The corticopetal basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) is crucial for normal attentional
function and cortical acetylcholine release is increased by stimuli with high motivational …

Orexin‐A is a neuropeptide, primarily produced in the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical
hypothalamus. Orexin receptors and immunoreactive neuronal fibres are widely distributed …

The hypothalamic melanocortin system plays a fundamental role in the regulation of energy
homeostasis. Orexins (hypocretins) are also involved in a diverse range of physiological …

Ghrelin interactions with glycemia in appetite control as well as the potential mechanisms
involving the orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the orexigenic …