There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

Estrogen is an important hormone signal that regulates multiple tissues and functions in the
body. This review focuses on the neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen in the …

Recent research has changed the perception of glia from being no more than silent
supportive cells of neurons to being dynamic partners participating in brain metabolism and …

Previous studies have shown that the neuroprotective hormone, testosterone, administered
immediately after neural injury, reduces reactive astrogliosis. In this study we have assessed …

Activation of the oxidative burst is one of the earliest biochemical events in microglial
activation, but it is not understood yet how free radicals participate in inflammatory signaling …

Nongenomic estrogen signaling pathways involve extranuclear estrogen receptors or
function independently from estrogen receptors. These pathways participate in …

As epidemiological data have suggested that female patients may have improved clinical
prognoses following traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared to males, we designed …

Besides microglia, astrocytes exert an important regulatory function in the initiation and
control of neuro‐inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. Clinical and …

Aged subjects have a poor prognosis after traumatic injury and, regardless of the type of
injury, they have slower recoveries and suffer more complications than their younger …

Estrogen involvement in neuroprotection is now widely accepted, although the specific
molecular and cellular mechanisms of estrogen action in neuroprotection remain unclear …