Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

Inflammation participates importantly in host defenses against infectious agents and injury,
but it also contributes to the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases. Interactions of cells …

The innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and tissue
injury through Toll-like receptors (TLR), a mechanism thought to be limited to immune cells …

Keratinocytes are continuously in contact with external stimuli and have the capacity to
produce several soluble mediators. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are …

Five of the 10 human Toll‐like receptors (TLRs)(TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and
four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)‐α, IFN‐β …

The factors that contribute to the exceptionally high incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTb) disease in HIV+ persons are poorly understood. Macrophage apoptosis represents a …

In innate immunity, microbial components stimulate macrophages to produce antimicrobial
substances, cytokines, other proinflammatory mediators, and IFNs via TLRs, which trigger …

We previously demonstrated that induction of splenic cytokine and chemokine secretion in
response to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) is MyD88-, but not critically TLR2-dependent …

Gram-negative bacteria release LPS, which activates Toll-like-receptor-4 (TLR4) in the host,
initiating an inflammatory response to infection. Infection increases risk for thrombosis …

CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), which induce signaling through Toll-like receptor 9
(TLR9), are widely used as adjuvants in therapy against cancer. However, tumor cells …