The mammalian immune system has innate and adaptive components, which cooperate to
protect the host against microbial infections. The innate immune system consists of …

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. A family of Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) acts as primary sensors that detect a wide variety of microbial components …

Central to innate immunity is the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by
cytosolic and membrane-associated receptors,,,. In particular, DNA is a potent activator of …

The family of interferon (IFN) proteins has now more than reached the potential envisioned
by early discovering virologists: IFNs are not only antivirals with a spectrum of clinical …

The mechanisms by which the recognition of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands leads to host
immunity remain poorly defined. It is now thought that to induce an effective immune …

Abstract The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) primary genome-wide
association (GWA) scan on seven diseases, including the multifactorial autoimmune disease …

The 1918 influenza pandemic was unusually severe, resulting in about 50 million deaths
worldwide. The 1918 virus is also highly pathogenic in mice, and studies have identified a …

RIG-I is an RNA helicase containing caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs).
RNA binding and signaling by RIG-I are implicated in pathogen recognition and triggering of …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) detect viruses in the acidified endosomes by means of
Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Yet, pDC responses to certain single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) …

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate innate immunity through pathogen recognition.
Serum PRRs opsonize pathogens for enhanced phagocytic clearance. Toll-like receptors …