Opioid therapy for chronic pain has been popularized over the past few decades, and a
concern has arisen that the analgesic efficacy of opioids is not always maintained over …

Objective The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of a “TNM
“cancer pain classification system for advanced cancer patients, the Edmonton Classification …

Opioids are the foundation of standard analgesic regimens for moderate to severe pain due
to life-threatening illnesses such as cancer, and are increasingly employed in chronic …

Biphalin is an opioid peptide analogue that currently is under clinical development as a new
type of site-directed analgesic. In rats, the intrathecal (it) analgesic potency of biphalin is …

Objective Videoscopic splanchnicectomy (VSPL) is a method of pain relief in chronic
pancreatitis patients. Because this method is not equally effective in all patients, this study …

The purpose of this study was to assess the need for opioid dose escalation as a feature of a
pain classification system for advanced cancer patients. Opioid dose escalation was …

There may be overlap between these groups. For example, some patients with noncancer
pain exhibit aberrant drugtaking behaviors; those with SAD may also have persistent pain; …

Ketamine has used as a dissociative anesthetics from 40 years ago. Its mechanism of action
is an antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which has an important …

There is increasing evidence that in some patients, opioids can relieve chronic noncancer
pain (CNCP). However, the evidence is limited to relatively short-term studies which …

Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as “an unpleasant
sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or …