Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces two distinct signaling pathways controlled by the
TIRAP-MyD88 and TRAM-TRIF pairs of adaptor proteins, which elicit the production of …

Mastitis is one of the most costly production diseases in the dairy industry that is caused by a
wide array of microorganisms. In this review, we focus on the Gram-negative Escherichia …

The rice Xa21 gene, which confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas
oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), encodes a receptor-like kinase. Few components involved in …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is pivotal to innate and adaptive immune responses and
must be tightly controlled. The mechanisms of TLR signaling have been the focus of …

The outcome of plant-pathogen interactions is influenced significantly by endogenous small
molecules that coordinate plant defence responses. There is currently tremendous scientific …

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a central inducer of inflammatory responses caused by Gram-
positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, via activation of TLR2. Localization of …

We have recently reported that ethanol‐induced inflammatory processes in the brain and
glial cells are mediated via the activation of interleukin‐1 beta receptor type I (IL‐1RI)/toll …

Acute renal failure is a grave complication of systemic gram‐negative sepsis. The
pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis leading to kidney injury result in part from …

Type I IFNs were discovered as the primary antiviral cytokines and are now known to serve
critical functions in host defense against bacterial pathogens. Accordingly, established …

Pattern recognition is an essential event in innate immunity. Complement and Toll-like
receptors (TLR), including the CD14 molecule, are two important upstream components of …