Our understanding and conceptualization of the placebo effect has shifted in emphasis from
a focus on the inert content of a physical placebo agent to the overall simulation of a …

This article introduces the scientific basis for the understanding of pain mechanisms and
highlights the importance of endogenous excitatory and inhibitory controls in the central …

Since the initial description by Wall [Wall, PD, 1967. The laminar organization of dorsal horn
and effects of descending impulses. J. Neurophysiol. 188, 403–423] of tonic descending …

Objective Oral amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, is effective for treating neuropathic
pain. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study to …

Inflammation, trauma or nerve injury trigger low-level activity in C-fibres and may cause long-
lasting hyperalgesia. Long-term potentiation (LTP) at synapses of primary afferent C-fibres is …

The present data provide the first in vivo evidence that the proinflammatory chemokine,
Regulated on Activation Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES/CCL5) …

Centrifual contol of many sensory systems is well established, notably in the γ motorneuron
of skeletal muscle stretch receptors. 2. Efferent (olivocochlear) innervation of the mammalian …

Pain itself occurs in the central nervous system (CNS), while the peripheral nervous system
reports on tissue damage via a mechanical event, termed nociception, characterized by the …

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is an area of the brainstem involved in the
descending modulation of nociception at the level of the spinal cord. Although the RVM is …

Discussion The term nummular headache (NH) was first coined by Pareja and colleagues in
2002 as a distinct primary headache disorder (1). NH has been proposed as a distinct type …