Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can change their physiology in response to
environmental cues. These changes can give rise to different populations of cells with …

Our understanding of the role of T cells in human disease is undergoing revision as a result
of the discovery of T‐helper 17 (Th17) cells, a unique CD4+ T‐cell subset characterized by …

T helper (TH) cells constitute an important arm of the adaptive immune system because they
coordinate defence against specific pathogens, and their unique cytokines and effector …

Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the
skeleton and the body's response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these …

T‐helper 17 (Th17) cells are a newly discovered CD4+ helper T‐cell subset that produces
interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) and IL‐17F. IL‐17A plays important roles in allergic responses …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which imbalances in pro-and
anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the induction of autoimmunity, inflammation and joint …

Chronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by local tissue injury caused by
immunocompetent cells, in particular CD4+ T lymphocytes, that are involved in the …

Bone‐related diseases, such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, affect hundreds of
millions of people worldwide and pose a tremendous burden to health care. By deepening …

For almost two decades, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has offered a productive conceptual
framework for investigating the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, as with many other …

Classically naïve CD4+ have been thought to differentiate into two possible lineages, T
helper 1 (Th1) or T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Within this paradigm the pathogenesis of …