Extensively characterized, modified, and employed for a variety of purposes, adenovirus
(Ad) vectors are generally regarded as having great potential by many applied virologists …

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of
controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However …

The cellular innate immune system is essential for recognizing pathogen infection and for
establishing effective host defence. But critical molecular determinants responsible for …

Viral infection triggers activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and IRF3, which
collaborate to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and elicit innate antiviral response. Here, we …

The ribonucleic acid (RNA) helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma
differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) recognize distinct viral and synthetic RNAs …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces two distinct signaling pathways controlled by the
TIRAP-MyD88 and TRAM-TRIF pairs of adaptor proteins, which elicit the production of …

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLRs) constitute distinct families of
pattern‐recognition receptors that sense nucleic acids derived from viruses and trigger …

Alpha/beta interferon immune defenses are essential for resistance to viruses and can be
triggered through the actions of the cytoplasmic helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG …

The role of vitamin D in innate immunity is increasingly recognized. Recent work has
identified a number of tissues that express the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase and are able to …