The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …

The production and deployment of phagocytes are central functions of the hematopoietic
system. In the 1950s, radioisotopic studies demonstrated the high prodution rate and short …

The Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an instructive role in innate and adaptive immunity by
recognizing specific molecular patterns from pathogens. Autophagy removes intracellular …

Research into the five Toll/IL1 receptor (TIR) adaptor proteins involved in innate immunity
continues to advance. Here we outline some of the more recent findings. MyD88 has a key …

TAK-242, a small-molecule antisepsis agent, has shown to suppress lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)-induced inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that TAK-242 is a selective …

Microbial infection elicits host immune responses through germline-encoded pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved …

Infection, ischemia, trauma, and neoplasia elicit a similar inflammatory response in the CNS
characterized by activation of microglia, the resident CNS monocyte. The molecular events …

Stimulation through the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and some Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
induces ubiquitination of TRAF6 and IRAK-1, signaling components required for NF-κB and …

Background: Enterobacteria and cytokines both play roles in the pathophysiology of NSAID-
induced enteropathy. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 recognises lipopolysaccharide (LPS) …

Recurrent bacterial meningitis is a rare phenomenon and generally poses a considerable
diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Ultimately, a structured approach and early diagnosis …