Immune cells enter the central nervous system (CNS) from the circulation under normal
conditions for immunosurveillance and in inflammatory neurologic diseases. This review …

Experimental and clinical data have demonstrated that activating the immune system in the
CNS can be destructive. However, other studies have shown that enhancing an immune …

In ischemic stroke, the necrotic core is surrounded by a zone of inflammation, in which
delayed cell death aggravates the initial insult. Here, we provide evidence that the receptor …

The action of type I interferons in the central nervous system (CNS) during autoimmunity is
largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate elevated interferon beta concentrations in the CNS …

Abstract Background Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are
expressed by microglia and infiltrating macrophages following ischemic stroke. Whereas IL …

Cells of the central nervous system were once thought to be incapable of regeneration. This
dogma has been challenged in the last decade with studies showing new, migrating stem …

Stroke poses a massive burden of disease, yet we have few effective therapies. The paucity
of therapeutic options stands contrary to intensive research efforts. The failure of these past …

Microglia form a unique population of brain-resident macrophages. Although microglia have
been involved in multiple disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), the issue of …

Background and Purpose—Although chemokines have been implicated in cardiovascular
diseases, few studies have addressed the role of these inflammatory mediators in ischemic …

Recent studies have suggested that regeneration of non-haematopoietic cell lineages can
occur through heterotypic cell fusion,, with haematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage …