When a cell dies in vivo, the event does not go unnoticed. The host has evolved
mechanisms to detect the death of cells and rapidly investigate the nature of their demise. If …

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …

Inhalation of silica crystals causes inflammation in the alveolar space. Prolonged exposure
to silica can lead to the development of silicosis, an irreversible, fibrotic pulmonary disease …

Detection of nucleic acids and induction of type I interferons (IFNs) are principal elements of
antiviral defense but can cause autoimmunity if misregulated. Cytosolic DNA detection …

When cells die in vivo, they trigger an inflammatory response. The ensuing hyperemia, leak
of plasma proteins, and recruitment of leukocytes serve a number of useful functions in host …

IgA class switching is the process whereby B cells acquire the expression of IgA, the most
abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions. IgA class switching occurs via both T-cell …

Pathogen entry into host tissue is a critical first step in causing infection. For foliar bacterial
plant pathogens, natural surface openings, such as stomata, are important entry sites …

Helicobacter pylori are spiral-shaped gram-negative bacteria with polar flagella that live
near the surface of the human gastric mucosa. They have evolved intricate mechanisms to …

Innate and adaptive immunity are the major defence mechanisms of higher organisms
against inherent and environmental threats. Innate immunity is present already in unicellular …

Inflammation is a rapid yet coordinated response that can lead to the destruction of microbes
and host tissue. Triggers capable of inducing an inflammatory response include tissue …